How this calculator works
Coulomb force is F = kq₁q₂/r² using k = 8.9875517923×10⁹.
Formula
F=kq₁q₂/r²Signed electrostatic force using Coulomb's law.
Worked example
Verified example is a verified test case used by the calculation engine.
Assumptions and limitations
- Charges are treated as point charges.
- Distance must be greater than zero.
- The sign indicates the charge-product interaction convention.
Methodology & sources
This calculator uses deterministic, versioned calculation logic. The formula and verified examples above are part of the calculation definition used by CalcuMint. Technical calculation version: 1.
- CalcuMint deterministic physics engine
Frequently asked questions
Why can the result be negative?
Opposite-signed charges produce a negative signed result under this convention.
Is distance squared?
Yes. Coulomb force varies inversely with r².